The presence of a narrator thus adds an additional level to storytelling let us call it Level Two. And so the figure of the narrator appears. Namely, the opportunity for the writer/author to guide the reader in imagining the voice/persona that tells the story. This not just a loss (of presence) it is also an opportunity. One consequence of this arrangement is that the writer/author is transformed from a person into a persona, or, in other words, into a character of sorts. This was not the case at Level Zero when author and voice were both present to the listener. The voice has now become fictitious and the presence of the author has become an illusion. In reading, the reader will now have to recreate the writer/author's voice in their imagination. It is here that the two figures of "writer" and "reader" are created. Level One occurs when the storyteller commits the story to writing and turns it into text. Thus, the storyteller's actual voice is present to the person or persons listening. If you consider the storytelling situation for a moment as a matter of levels of complexity, it should be clear that Level Zero is a person telling a story to another person or group. Voice and Point of View are closely related, albeit not always one and the same they refer to who tells the story, how, and in what circumstances. Below, is a simplified explanation of these elements. This is a simplified illustration of the five main elements of fiction: voice/point of view, setting, character, plot, theme, revealing detail.
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